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AN . 

ORATION, 

DfiLIVERED AT 

WASHINGTON-HALL, 

FEBRUARY 22, 1814, 

BEFORE TH£ 



in 

Washington Benevolent Society, I [I 



OF THE 



CITY OF NEW-YORK, 



IN COMMSUORATION OP IHB KATIVITV OF 



GEORGE WASHINGTON, 



BY H. W. WARNER, ESQ. 



NEW-YORK: 
PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY. 



FROM THE PRES? OF B. OARDENIER, ^^O- 34 CEDAR-STSE^T. 



1814. 




« B. GARDENEIR, 

EDITOR OF 

THE EXAMINEE, 

A WEEKLY, POLITICAL PAPER, 

CONTAINING SIXTEEN LARGE OCTAVO PAGES, 

at %5 per annum, 

INFORMS THE PUBLIC THAT HE HAS ESTABLISHED A COMPLETE 

PRINTING OFFICE, 

AT NO. 34 CEDAR-STREET, 

NEW- YORK; 

WHERE EVERY KIND OF 

PKINTING 

IS DONE WITH NEATNESS AND PUNCTUALITY, 

AND ON THE MOST REASONABLE TERMS. 

March 14, 1814. 

<W\'WV<VV\iWWW<VV^iVW 

JUST PUBLISHED 

AND FOR SALE AT THE OFFICE OF THE EXAMINER, AND AT 
THE SEVERAL BOOK-STORES, 

ARMSTRONG'S REPORT; 

OR DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO THE 

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OF 1813. 

F rice fifty cents- 




DELIVERED AT 



WASHINGTON-HALL, 3JS 

FEBRUARY 22, 1814. 

BEFORE THE 

Washington Benevolent Society^ 

OE THE 

CITY OF NEW.YORK, 




iS IS COMMEMORATION OF THE NATIVITY OK 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 



BY H. W. WARNER, ESQ. 



NEW-YORK: 




PUBLISHED FOR THE SOCIETY. 



FROM THE PRESS OF B. GARDEMER, NO- 34 CEDAR-STREET. 

1814. 



AT a meeting of the Washington Benevolent Society, 
Wednesday evening, Fehruary 23, 1814, the follow- 
ing resolutions were unanimously agreed to: 

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society he pre- 
sented to Henry W. Warner, Esq, for his eloquent 
and impressive oration, delivered on the 22c? instant, 
and that he he requested to furnish a copy of it for 
publication: 

Resolved, That Caleb S. Riggs, George Brincker- 
hoff, and Beal N. Lewis, Esqrs, he a committee to 
carry the above resolution into effect, and to superintend 
the publication. 

A copy from the Minutes. 

ISAAC M. ELY, Secretary. 



ORATION, &c. 



FELLOW CITIZENS, 

WE have met to celebrate the memoiy of a great 
and good man. Some of us have seen him, and all 
have heard our fathers speak of hnu. The story of 
his virtues was the lesson of our infancy; and if we 
were not degenerate children, we have wept over it 
before we had language for our feelings. He was 
one of those extraordinary beings whom the Al- 
mighty sometimes sets before mankind in their emer- 
gencies, at once to deliver nations, and to exemplify 
the dignity to which our nature may aspire. Born 
while these states were yet colonies, and passing with 
them through all the changes which their political 
relations have undergone, he found, in the progress 
of his life, a series of great occasions for the exer- 
tion of his talents ; occasions that seemed to call for 
more than human conduct ; and, with a good fortune 
which it were impious to ascribe to accident, he 
satisfied them all. He was, if ever man deserved 
that praise, the father of his country. 

But I do not mean to dwell upon his character. 
It is a theme too proud for these disastrous days. I 
rather choose to consider with what fidelity ayc have 
kept the heritage that he left us, and whether we are 
likely to maintain it. Such are become the circum- 



6 



stances of the world, that it behooves creatures who 
know as little of what is to be as they lately antici- 
pated of what now is, to look about them for the 
means of keeping society in existence, instead of 
losing themselves in amusements to which its secu- 
rity might invite. For one, I feel myself driven 
from the glorious visions of the past, and I sink, 
humbled and astonished, upon the present and the 
future. Where are we? and whither are we tend- 
ing ? How loDg will there be any thing in our insti- 
tutions to remind us of Washington? They are 
descend? 1 from him; once they were impressed with 
his image ; and it seems to have been only in them, 
and in the blessings of which he hoped they were to 
yield a lasting exuberance, that he desired to be re- 
membered. To be the instrument of establishing 
and securing our liberties, was the one ambition 
W' hich he could not conceal, and to which his life was 
consecrated. But he is dead ; and I turn, with filial 
duty, to inquire whether he lived in vain. 

Those of our countrymen who expect to spend 
their days under the safeguard of the federal consti- 
tution, and then to transmit it, unimpaired, down a 
long line of posterity, appear to found their expecta- 
tion, chiefly, on the freedom and liberality of charac- 
ter by which it is so strongly recommended to our 
self-love; on the extensive variety of soils and cli- 
mates which it unites, and which tend to render us 
independent of other nations ; on our geographical 
position, remote from foreign violence and corrup- 
tion ; and, on the enlightened virtue of the people. 
These are specious grounds. I wish they may not 
disappoint the trust they have allured. Look at 



7 



them; try them; and judge of the probabilities. I 
will trouble you with only a few brief hints ; and 
then, a remark or two by way of practical result. 

Our government is, indeed, free; its theory is 
delightful beyond comparison ; and we have seen it 
operate, too, with the finest effect : but, like others 
of the same general description, it rests upon popu- 
lar sentiment, which is ever variable. Of course, it 
cannot long outlast the general intelligence, much 
less the integrity, of the great body of the'' citizens. 
But is it reasonable to presume that a whole com- 
monwealth will permanently continue honest and en- 
lightened ? I am afraid there is in the very nature of 
every free state, as there is in the nature of man, a 
seed of death. A vast proportion of the people must 
always be poor, and I think I may add that an equal 
proportion will always be ignorant. These are there- 
fore disabled, by their inevitable condition, to act 
with a steady view to the political bearings of their 
conduct. They have neither leisure nor ability to 
consult national policy at all. Obliged to confine 
their attention to what is immediately before Ihem, 
and incapable of comparing what is done with what 
is right or practicable in the general management of 
affairs, they borrow, instead of forming opinions, 
they fall under the influence of wicked men, they 
decide without knovv ing why, they change v*ith the 
wind. Nor can this be wholly prevented. 

Some persons have pleased themselves with that 
splendid figment of the brain, a perfect republic; in 
which the citizens at large might discern such an en- 
tire coincidence of private and public interests as to 
need no legal constraint. The French economists 



endeavoured to realize this chimera, by coDjuratioti 
with another, the goddess of reason. They took for 
granted, that the people were reasonable beings, who 
had been grievously slandered, and could not possi- 
bly be unsafe depositaries of any trust which only 
required the exercise of that faculty which has been 
said chiefly to distinguish man from brute. They 
therefore ventured to cast ofl'the obligations of reli- 
gion and of law, those cumbrous relics of the middle 
ages ; and having swept every thing but reason and 
philosophy from the stage, they dreamed of attain- 
ments not conceded to humanity, and acted over 
again the tragedy of the first transgressor. If you 
will take their own testimony for it, they really be- 
lieved that they were about to strip the veil from the 
never before revealed elements of political science. 
But mark the sequel. The liberties of France have 
been consumed. And happy will it be for us, if 
events shall not prove that our funeral pyre has been 
lighted from the blaze of hers. 

What has happened in one country, however, 
may, and in like circumstances, probably will, hap- 
pen in another. God only knows how many suns 
shall roll their revolutions, before the seventh phial 
of political wo shall be poured upon our heads. We 
have heard that liberty is an inalienable right. It 
may be so ; but I believe there is no commodity in 
which men speculate more wildly. Hence that un- 
questionable fact in history, that free states are of all 
the most fluctuating and short-lived. Schemes that 
look only to public happiness on paper, are speedily 
abused to public ruin in practice. The wisest law- 
giver of ancient Greece was unable, with all his per- 



sOnal Influence in aid of his system, to maintain a 
republican government even in Attica, a small com- 
pact territory, and a most enlightened people, for 
half a score of years. We have endured longer. 
And why ? Because our liberties were the purchase 
of a struggle^ the severity of which is not yet quite 
forgotten; because the puritanical virtues of our an- 
cestry, lingering and reluctant in their retreat, have 
not entirely withdrawn their vestiges from among 
us ; because the extent of our lands has hitherto af- 
forded range for the restless and the profligate to 
dissipate their corruption in the pursuits of avarice. 
Here is the secret of the marvel that we have lived 
so long. 

But circumstance is every thing in politics. While 
some of the causes, to which we are indebted for our 
preservation, have been dying away, others have as- 
sumed a new character, and are now threatening to 
destroy us. We have added field to field ; we have 
purchased Louisiana, seized upon one of the Flori- 
das, and abetted insurrection in the other, with a 
view to its ulterior subjugation; we have invaded 
the lonely retreats of the unhappy savages, and laid 
theu' towns, miserable, indeed, but such as they had, 
in ashes ; in violation of the sacred faith of treaty^ 
v/ithout a colour of justice or excuse, against con- 
science, against the crying deprecations of pity, 
against the authority of heaven, have we dared to 
wrap ourselves in the mantle of night, to penetrate 
the cheerless haunts of barbarism, to surprise the 
sleep of the desert, to make the wilderness more 
wild, by staining it with the blood of its sods and its 
daughters, by filling it with the scream of murder, 

2 



10 



by erecting a christian flag upon the pile of the slain^ 
This, all this, we have done — and it has been called 
" doing the thing in style /"= — ^to glut our ambition of 
empire^ The same ruthless motive has actuated half 
the nation in our aggressions upon Canada. What I 
have we not domain enough already? Had we not 
too much before we made a purchase, or an attempit 
at conquest? Common sense might discover, that, 
although a wide expanse of territory may be favour- 
able to the early growth of a state, it only requires 
to be covered with inhabitants, to render it a source 
of danger. Government is constraint. Men will not 
patiently submit to it beyond the requisition of ob- 
vious policy. Be it ever so just, ever so free, ever 
so beneficial, they must be near enough to see the 
point from which their good radiates. If they do 
not perceive that their interests are cherished, and 
that they get a clear, substantial equivalent in ex^ 
change for their obedience, they will assuredly seek 
the chance of a better dynasty, as soon as they can 
safely deny their allegiance to the old. Even in those 
daysy when commerce had scarcely an existence^ 
and human habits and pursuits, being nearly the 
same in all countries, opposed fewer obstacles to the 
application of general rules of empire than at pre- 
sent, it was found impossible to hold very extensive 
territories subject to one political head, without ren- 
dering the connexion odious to some of the parts. 
The progress of wealth and of civilization has sup- / 
plied individuals, and all the classes and subdivisions 
of community with more to lose ; but it has neither 
made them less unwilling to sustain the loss, nor less 
jealous of the authority, whose maintenance^ dignity 



11 



force commands it. On the contrary, there is a 
great deal more of selfishness now in the world than 
formerly. National spirit has been ebbing for ages ; 
and mankind have bartered away their chivalry for 
gold. Every thing wears a new aspect. The old, 
sage-like, and dignified inquiry, "What good?" has 
been paraphrased into the sordid, mean interrogation^ 
"How much money?" and over the whole host of 
the passions is enthroned that modern upstart, the 
love of lucre. Hence the universal and astonishing 
enterprise of recent times. Hence, too, have result- 
ed, endless variety of occupations and views ; innU' 
merable diversities of interest among the people; 
conflicting claims upon government, and general 
weakness in the state. Do you wish an example ? You 
have it at home. The American people are, beyond 
dispute, the most avaricious, the most enterprising, 
and the most distracted political combination of men 
on earth. Whether their union be strong enough to 
hold them together, posterity will know. 

But we have been told, that, situated as we are, on 
this side of the Atlantic, beyond the infection of Eu- 
ropean plagues, we have no reason to fear that the 
health or soundness of the body politic can ever be 
endangered by its magnitude. More than one ad- 
ministration have given lamentable proof of their ac- 
quiescence in this doctrine. Gentlemen, it is a doc- 
trine which you and I may live to see refuted, in a 
way more decisive than argument. It is founded in 
a false assumption ; we are not beyond the reach of 
the contagion of Europe ; and of this, too, we have 
melancholy proof. Our situation only secures us 
against European violence. That is all. Nor is the 



12 



advantage of that itself very obvious. We become 
careless of ourselves, in proportion as we are fear- 
less of others. Americans have too much political 
leisure. If we were hemmed in on every side by 
foreign nations, we should be compelled to think, to 
feel and to act, with a view to the preservation of our 
own. In the absence of such external pressure, the 
citizen sinks into the individual; we give our atten-, 
tion almost wholly to the study and promotion of 
interests peculiar to our own private concerns, or at 
best, to those parts of the country which we respec- 
tively inhabit; and thus, every thing that was ever 
national among us, is gradually giving way to par- 
tial attachment and provincial bias. The work has 
already gone too far to be easily controlled. Many 
causes unite to forward it. The hand of nature has 
itself widely divided us in climate, soil, and other lo- 
cal aptitudes, which, though they may weaken our 
dependence on foreign resources, indubitably lead 
to distraction at home ; and the time seems not far 
distant, when all resemblance of character, and I am 
afraid, all kindness and charity of sentiment, be- 
tween our great eastern, western, and southern geo- 
graphical departments, will be extinct. What is 
there in New-England even now, that has its likeness 
in the slave states of the south? The country be- 
yond the Alleghany has been more recently settled. 
But when you consider that it is separated from you 
by a Chinese wall, that you are likely to have but 
little intercourse with it, and, of course, but little 
opportunity to cultivate union by a mutual inter- 
change of good offices ; you have no ground to ex- 
pect that the jealous and insidious hostility which it 



13 

has already betrayed in relation to the commercial 
states, will ever ripen into friendship. Heretofore, 
while it was yet a desert region, sought only by such 
of our citizens as we could better spare than keep, 
there may have been some advantage in our title to 
it. Allowed. The advantage would have been just 
the same, had our rights extended to the Avestern 
ocean. It was a resort for adventurers ; it was a re- 
ceptacle for impurity ; it served as a kind of Botany 
Bay, But the Ohio and the Mississippi have ceased 
to be rivers of the wilderness. State after state 
has risen upon their banks, and claimed and received 
the honours of federal equality with yourselves. Do 
you remember how, as they rose, you fell? But this 
>vas not enough. To accelerate your degradation 
in the scale, a Spanish province, having no better 
recommendation than French ethics and French poli- 
tics, has been bought into the fraternity ; and you 
are doomed to behold a sister in a hag that offends 
the eye. Is this a connexion that will last, and grow 
strong with age? You have had your constitution 
interpreted for you by persons who had no dwelling 
place within the legitimate limits of its authority. 
You have seen your commerce at the cruel mercy 
of legislators who cared as little for its prosperity as 
they knew of the principles by which it ought to be 
regulated. Under colour of avenging your seamen's 
rights, you have beheld your brothers and your sons 
conscribed for slaughter by men who never saw the 
sea. Is it possible that such a state of things can 
endure? The evil is becoming more and more 
aggravated every day we live. The balance of your 
government has been pushed from its equipoise, and 



14 



the states that gave it existence are hourly going to 
the beam. And this is constitutional! What! to 
steal the constitution from the children of its authors? 
What! to commit the sacred ark to the custody of 
Gentiles? Suppose the thirteen old United States 
were put in endless pawn and bankruptcy to buy out 
the whole American continent; and then, to meet 
the exigencies of so vast and magnificent a republic, 
suppose the seat of your government were transfer- 
red to JDarieiiy where the spire of the palace might 
at once command the Atlantic and the Pacific main: 
this, too, would, I conjecture, be alike in the liberal 
and magnanimous spirit of the constitution. It is no 
jest. The centre of empke is travelling to the west 
and south; and, {Jieu, nescia mens horninum futiiri!) 
mortal cannot tell how long the passing boatman of 
^he Potomac shall hear of courts, and senates, and the 
pomp of legislation on its border. 

But upon this dark and comfortless view of things 
let us drop the curtain. There is ye*, one resource, 
the virtue of the people. Here good and wise men 
have reposed their confidence for the salvation of 
our liberties. It would seem, at first thought, that 
they have done so with reason. The people are 
they from whom all authority in government is de- 
rived, for whom it should be exercised, and upon 
whom the evils of its abuses fall. As such, one would 
think, they must abhor whatever appears hostile to 
the permanent well-being of the commonwealth. It 
is in their veins that every pulse of the public for- 
tune beats. Surely they cannot fall in love with 
wretchedness and ruin. Surely they will, in due 
season, redress our grievances and pacify our fears^ 



15 



Oentlemen, if the mass of mankind were not in 
necessary bondage to theii' immediate personal 
wants ; if the rich were not generally forgetful that 
their stores are staked upon the fidelity with which 
they discharge their political duties; if a correct 
judgment of public measures were not, for the most 
part, impracticable without much information and 
study; if there were no wdcked men to deceive, and 
no ignorant men to become victuns of deception ; if 
history had not uttered her appalling voice ; if our 
own experience had not echoed the alarm of history ; 
if the fierce anger of the Almighty were not at this 
moment burning up the land before our faces : then 
woidd I cheerfully take theory for fact ; then, with 
a heart at ease, wath a complacency which now re- 
treats before m.e and eludes my pursuit, w^ould I 
yield our darling constitution to the virtue of the 
people. But how are realities ? I readily concede 
that our destinies are in the hands of the people^ 
and that if they do not save us, w^e are lost. There 
is no alternative. But will the people do their 
duty? It can afford but little consolation to a sick 
man, to know that there is in the compass of nature 
a specific for the cure of his malady, unless he 
have reason to hope that it will be applied. Look 
abroad upon the country : Has not the popular sen- 
timent itself become corrupt ? Is there not poison in 
the very fountain, from which all our healing w^aters 
are to flow ? 

The danger of free states, and of ours among the 
rest, is tw^ofold. On one hand, the general tendency 
of tilings is towards license, anarchy and revolution; 
and, on the other, ambitious individuals, taking 



16 

advantage of the facilities which the unruly prd* 
gress of this tendency affords, are prone to gather 
up the reins of empire and to attempt despotism. 
The duty of the people follows their danger into its 
branches, and requires them to keep an equally 
jealous guard upon themselves and upon their ru- 
lers. Are we doing this ? So far from it, we seem 
to have done troubling ourselves with duty alto- 
gether. No ; the men who are now standing upon 
our heads took special care to seal our eyes as they 
ascended ; and so we neither look above nor about 
us, neither scrutinize their conduct nor our own. 
We are in a sort of mental eclipse, that flings the 
shade of passion upon every object. A vast propor- 
tion of us, fully persuaded that the rulers of their 
choice can do no wrong, and equally satisfied that 
those who think differently caQ do nothing else, have 
resigned themselves to the most indiscriminate ap- 
probation and support of whatever tends to aggran- 
dize the former, or to destroy the latter. The mi- 
nority, of course, are capable of suffering, and there- 
fore turn when they are trampled on. Hence, the 
land is divided between angry parties, respectively 
occupied in the persecution and resistance of each - 
other; and we now exhibit the singular, though not 
unexampled appearance, of a country, in which the 
bonds of union are strained to the very utmost they 
will bear, and on the point of bursting asunder; 
while at the same time, a fcAV incompetent, but suffi- 
ciently artful and unprincipled men, availing them- 
selves of the confusion of the contest, are endea- 
vouring to fortify, and, if possible, to perpetuate 
their dominion, by throwing ligaments of tyranny 



it 



around the people's necks. As, however, we seem 
not fully ripe for universal submission and unplicit 
obedience, the views of usurpers are likely to fail, 
and the rudeness of the efforts that are made to exe- 
cute them, promise only to drive us with the greater 
speed into the other, and scarcely less deplorable 
extremity, of civil broil and distraction. This is ren- 
dered more probable by the local distinctions which 
our party zeal has taken up. Already do w e be- 
hold the great geographical departments of the 
commonwealth arrayed in mutual hostility, denoun- 
cing each other, speaking familiarly of separation, 
and apparently verging to that catastrophe. What 
is peculiarly unfortunate, government itself has, in 
some degree, become an instrument of local feeling, 
and thus contributes to exasperate the quarrel. 
The operation of many of its measures is ex- 
ceedingly partial and oppressive. It is notorious, 
that om- commercial states have been theatres of 
slavery these seven years past. The means of daily 
bread have been abolished in them, and, for aught 
that appears, abolished never to be restored. A sys- 
tem of policy, which might defy all the power of 
British monarchy to maintain for a single twelve- 
month upon British soil, is to be the life-allotment of 
us, facile republicans, and the inheritance of our 
children. Indeed? Preposterous! It cannot be. 
Oppression will find that patience has a limit, and 
despair a recoil. If we be not relieved, we may 
soon be convulsed. You have witnessed the lengths 
to w^hich New-England has already been impelled 
by real suffering ; and you have heard the laugh of 
derision and of merriment, w^hich jier calamities 

,3 



liave excited in the west ! I ask, is there no harm 
m this? Will no ill conseqiaence grow out of it? 
The hope of peace is, indeed, beguiling the present 
hour ; but in what a fearful suspense are our desti- 
nies hung, while ministers are settling the question, 
whether the olive tree shall be replanted or cast into 
the fire ! Are you quite sure that a rash decision of 
that cjuestion may not involve the wreck of the fe- 
deral union ? Rely upon it, the time is at hand, when 
the shackles which bind the constitutional liberties 
of the country, must either be taken off, or they will 
be broken. Have you considered that the spirit is 
not dead, which scattered the British teas upon the 
ocean ? Do you remark the living efficacy which 
that lofty spirit still exerts in the land of its fa- 
vourite abode ? Alas, it is of little profit, in our day, 
to tallc shout prudential considerations of any sort. 
The mass of the people have loug since bid adieu to 
them. Else had we never banished the disciples of 
Washington from our employment i else had we 
never bowed the knee to men who " know not 
God, and obey not the gospel else had we never 
thrown away our commerce ; else had we never 
dreamed of territorial acquisitions; else had we 
never gone to war " with a lie in our right hand." 
Say not that administration alone are chargeable 
with the public misfortunes. With impious teme- 
rity, indeed, do they affect to " ride in the whirl- 
wind, and direct the storm but let me tell you, 
that without assurance of popular support, they 
dare not thus offend. No : it is the people ; it ia 
the people, that have lost their reason, that have 
forgotten justice, that have sunk the nation in 



19 



party, that have commenced a warfare upon an un- 
offending portion of themselves. And who can 
answer for the issue ? Suppose them only deluded ; 
may not madness work mischief without the help 
of depravity ? 

A strong and malignant delusion has indeed spread 
its baleful wings over us. The community are spell- 
bound ; wiite for them — they are blind ; cry aloud — 
they are deaf; not a sense does its office; informa- 
tion is shut out ; argument is denied access ; pas- 
sion and frenzy stop up every avenue to the under- 
standing. The public mind is absolutely insane. 
Official acts are vehemently applauded or condemn- 
ed, without the slightest attention to any thing but 
their party origin. Even candidates for high and 
delicate tmsts in the government, selected by the 
most iniquitous rules of preference, are voted for 
with a careless, mechanical promptitude becoming- 
beasts of burden ; with an inconsiderate, blindfold, 
rash alacrity, that makes one 

blush, 

And hang his head, to think himself a /nan." 

Yes, election itself, the proudest boast of firemen, 
and the distinguishing prerogative of their exalted 
order ; the thing, too, which is of all the most mo- 
mentous and decisive in its influence upon the value, 
and upon the existence of republican institutions ; 
has become a farce, a paltiy farce, in Avhich the 
sovereign people are content to appear the insignifi- 
cant and contemptible puppets of corruption, play- 
ing as they are bidden, for the advancement of plots 
which they do not understand. I speak what you 
have seen. 



20 



Nor may we console ourselves with the convic- 
tion that there is nothing worse than delusion, bad as 
this is, among us. IMistake alone would not defy 
correction- The evil has sunk deeper. We have 
immense numbers of individuals, and some whole 
sections of country, that are grievously depraved; 
that neither wish to be set right, nor regard the obli- 
gation of rectitude when they know it. What can 
be done with these ? Will you address yourselves 
to their political morality ? The time for such ap- 
peals is gone by. They have no morality of any 
kind. They even ridicule the little scrupulous 
virtue that remains to attract their notice. Piety 
itself, with them, is either superstition or hypocrisy ; 
and conscience is the bugl^ear of a nurse's tale. I 
repeat it ; we have whole districts, that are cover- 
ed with such miscreant population ; where there is 
scarcely a place of worship to be seen, and where 
the sabbath is only distinguished as a day of extraor- 
dinary vice and dissipation. Can you wonder, then, 
that the maxims of Washington freeze upon the 
lip? Do you expect political integrity where you 
find no other kindred trait? And this integrity 
gone, what becomes of your republican institutions ? 
Every other consideration apart, can you presume 
upon their safety in a land where the moral sense 
imposes no constraint, religion is called priestcraft, 
and infidelity has more votaries than the God of 
Heaven ? 

But perhaps it is hoped that the people will grow 
wiser and better with the lapse of time. This is 
rather to be wished than expected. Neither past 
experience nor our acquaintance with existing in- 



21 



fluences will justify the hope. Remember that your 
newspapers, the common medium of political in- 
struction, are many of them under the direction of 
foreigners, and still more in the hands of unprin- 
cipled natives. Accordingly, we know that the 
American press abounds in nearly all the enormi- 
ties of doctrine and of sentiment, that prepared the 
ruin of France. Have you any doubt whether like 
causes tend to iil^e effects? Or do you trust that as 
corruption has hitherto been less audacious here 
than on the other side of the water, it is therefore 
never to put on a bolder face ? Take care of your 
confidence. Had we been as old and as populous 
a country as France, we should have followed her 
career with a less unequal step. We have a great 
deal of the same philosophy, the same politics, and 
^he same morality. We were inoculated when her 
malady was ripe. It may not be so long as v/e desire 
before we go after her to the tomb. 

There is another evil among us, nearly connected 
with that of a perverted press, and of equally dan- 
gerous influence upon the public mind. I speak of 
demagogues. These are a pestilent race of beings, 
of whose characters you need not be informed. 
They are, by trade, deceivers. They talk inces^ 
santly of liherty, equality, and the rights of man I 
Charming words indeed, but words which, in their 
mouths, mean alike any thing, or nothing, and there- 
fore serve all occasions. They are a set of false- 
hearted sycophants, who deify the people in form 
"while they endeavour to anniliilate them in fact; 
and who speak of the popular voice with the pro- 
fane adulation that was once fatally addressed to 



22 



royal ears, proclaiming it " the voice of a God^^ at 
the very moment that they are designing, what was 
then performed by a destroying angel, to silence it 
for ever. You know them well. You know the 
authority which, wicked as they are, they sway over 
the credulity of ignorant minds. You know the 
daring conspiracy in which myriads of them have 
struck their guilty hands, against the pristine spirit 
of the federal constitution. Yet they call them- 
selves republicans, the exclusive republicans, the 
r only friends of freedom and mankind. In point of 

/ fact, freedom has no worse enemy, and mankind 

\ but one. 

- Imagine, now, a state, whose institutions are all 
democratical in theory, and in their operation level- 
ing aliJve to merit and to property ; a state, with 
territories so extensive that the remoter parts are 
not likely to be cherished, either in theii' interests 
or their feelings, by the government ; a state com- 
prehending various soils, embracing various cli- 
mates, inviting its inhabitants to various pursuits, 
and thus giving birth to a multitude of distinctions 
and diversified peculiarities of habit, prejudice and 
character \ a state, w hich, to the other evils com- 
monly attending great extent, adds the conspiring 
and still more dangerous one, of being divided by 
nature into three large sections of nearly equal im- 
portance, and between which, as there are many ob- 
stacles and few inducements to much friendly com- 
munication, local jealousies are inevitable ; a state, 
given up, by its geographical position on the globe, 
to the full, unchecked and unremitting influence 
©f its own internal destructives; a popular state> 



23 



abounding in popular delusion beyond the hope of 
remedy ; a state, too, which is labouring with the 
malignant disease of vice and impiety, and which, in 
the midst of the nauseating process of its suppura- 
tion, while its youthful body is covered over with 
"putrifying sores," looks not to skill for relief, 
nor to virtue for the restoration of its beauty ; a de- 
caying state, whose physicians are impostors, prac- 
tising without degree or license, offering themselves 
before they are called, and using daggers for lan- 
cets: imagine such a state, and ask your sober 
judgment whether all be safe ; whether it be pusilla- 
nimous to look for disaster; whether there be more 
of manly confidence, or of childish uubecility, in 
counting upon any thing but disaster, but ruin. 
And is this a fancy-piece ? Has it no resemblance 
under the sun ? I wish, indeed, that the colouring 
may be thought too strong for a portraiture of our- 
selves ; but I am afraid the outlines have too much 
truth to be mistaken. 

How is it then, that we are tantalized with assu- 
rances that we shall live forever? At what shrine 
have our political diviners caught the oracle, that 
republics never perish ? Did they find it in history I 
O, no. Have they conversed with the genius of the 
ancient sages? Into the very theory of the noblest 
of their commonwealths entered explicit provision 
for the case of its overthrown Have they learnt 
from wiser men of later times ? How different was 
the conviction of our illustrious legislator, our re- 
vered political father, our own Washingto:n"! The 
only fear he ever knew was for the safety of his 
country. Or, think you, did Hamilton teach. 



24 



them? Ask the awful monument on the Jersey 
shore ! No : his prophetic spirit mourned over the 
approaching calamities of his native land, till he 
forgot his family and himself. He saw emergencies 
to come, from which no common arm would be able 
to redeem, and which he therefore felt a sacred obli- 
gation to meet, w ith powers unimpeded by any sus- 
picion of his courage to use them. It was to his 
apprehensions for his country that the sacrifice was 
offered, when Hamilton, the brave, the virtuous, 
the profound, Hamilton, at that time the solar light 
in our firmament, fell at the feet of the foe. 

My friends, there was a time, when Washington, 
and Hamilton, and other kindred names now con- 
ssecrated to memory, w^ere on the list of our states- 
men. Glorious years, adieu! We admire — and we 
mourn. All things beneath the skies are transitory* 
Think of what we were! And will you not also 
suffer your minds to pass down the current to the 
dreadful secret of whgit we most inevitably shall he ? 
The continual change which has marked our pro- 
gress hitherto, and is still passing upon the several 
circumstances of our condition, is calculated to re- 
mind us not only of the radiant point where our 
career began, but of that other and more interesting 
attribute of time, o end. Had we no better evi- 
dence of the brevity of our individual lives, the 
process of personal change, that every one of us is 
daily undergoing, w^ould probably help us to the 
conclusion, that we neither have been, nor shall 
continue long in tlic Vv^orld. At any rate, it serves 
us now as a constant and heart-touching remem- 
brancer of the L\(A, Waking, as from a dreapi, we 



look backward and forward, and either way discern 
a limit of vision. In the past, we hehold ourselves 
starting into animated form; in the future, casting 
the sloughj and entering a region which we have not 
explored. The retrospect, if we dwell upon it, un- 
folds a scene of more variety than any landscape ; 
and not less affecting than various ; because we re^ 
cognize, in all its parts, the vicissitudes of our expe- 
rience. On the other hand, the dim prospect that 
stretches out before us, excites a less turbulent, but 
still deeper interest ; and we feel the heart prema- 
turely dying within Ihe bosom, while we bend the 
aching eye upon that point in our horizon, where 
the sun goes down, and the light of terrestrial being 
is extinguished. 

Man, however, is not the only subject of change. 
States, too, have their nativity, their childhood, 
their manhood, their decrepitude and death. If not, 
in general, so shortlived as the individuals that 
compose them, they are as surely mortal. Where 
are the states of antiquity? Who can point us to 
the earth-covering empires of the Greek and the 
Roman? You will find them only in story; they 
are " a tale that is told." And what are we ? Will 
the day never come, when our name shall be a thing 
of tradition, and these United 'ies exist only in 
the mouths of men 1 May we, indeed, promise our- 
selves a duration, of which the vain experiments of 
six thousand years teach us only to despair? In 
what happy singularity of our system do we trace 
the redeeming principle ? Shall we say, that as w^ 
have not risen from the same sickly beginning as 
©ther states, we shall therefore never come to the 

4 



saiife miserable end f Because, like Adam, we were 
created in the maturity of our powers and the full- 
fiess of our stature, may we do ourselves the com- 
pliment to think, that like him, too, we were formed 
for immortality ? Alas, that we should have resem- 
bled him less in the cormnencement^ than in the pro* 
gress of being! No: we are fallen; in religion, in 
morals, in politics, in general condition, in substan- 
tial dignity, in s^elf-respect, in the estimation of the 
world, 

— into what pit 

From what height fallen ! -" 

I appeal to your own observation and experience. 
The proof is crushing you into the dust. You know 
and you feel, that a malediction has lighted upon 
US. You know and you feel, that the government 
of your country has ceased to answer the great 
ends of its institution. The land is under curse-^ 
The fields over which the standard of Washingtopt 
but lately waved in triumph, the ground that drank 
the blood of your fathers, and now covers their 
bones, has been made the scene of your misfortune^, 
your degradation and your shame. See, then, if 
you can derive any consolation from the glories of 
the past. Is it praise, or is it intolerable ignominy, 
to be called degenerate sons of noble ancestors? 
What is it to us, that there was a golden age ? 
Washington is no more — and w^e have already 
geen the age of brass, and the age of iron. 

Gentlemen, we are at war. To hasten the pro- 
gress of our change, to complete the climax of our 
follies, and our sufferings ; to put every thing in 
instant jeopardy by a single desperate adventure^ 



27 



we have declared offensive hostilities against the 
only remaining christian state beneath the cope of 
heaven. On what grounds ? No matter now, for 
they are long since done aAvay. Yet we go on ; 
yet we continue the debate of blood. Is there any 
pretence for this? Yes; Britain, proud, boastful, 
overbearing Britain, presumes to claim the services 
of her native subjects found upon the high seas. 
No more? O, fie! Such a pretence should paralize 
the tongue that utters it. And this is all that we are 
fighting for! Can you believe it? What! Is it for 
this, that the honest habits of an industrious com- 
munity are to be sacrificed ? Is it for this, that 
thousands of our valuable yeomanry have been 
torn from their business and their homes, and dri- 
ven, like herds of cattle, to the camp ? Is it for this, 
that multitudes of mothers, wives and children, left 
to provide for themselves, have been forced to " so- 
licit the cold hand of charity ?" For this that our 
ships are rotting at our wharves ? For this that all 
the metes and bounds of honourable merchandize 
have been lost in a polluted deluge of speculation ? 
For this that our taxes are increased proportionally 
with the diminution of our means? For this that 
we are incumbering ourselves with a public debt, 
wiiich will only be cancelled by the erasure of our 
name from the catalogue of nations ? What ! Is it for 
this, that we have incurred the guilt of remorseless, 
coldblooded, inhuman outrage upon a neighboiu ing 
province, by carrying fire and sword, yes, literally, 
fire and sword, into the peaceful dwellings of its in- 
nocent inhabitants ? Shame ! Shame ! Who is an 
American, and does not hide his head ? The hour of 



28 



midnight, the hour of darkness, of silence and re^ 
pose — this is the hour to flourish the incendiary 
brand. Look ! it is your countrymen that do the 
work ! Newark is wrapped in flames ; and age, and 
sex, and infancy, are driven forth into the wintry 
snows ! It passes belief; and all for the protection 
of British seamen against the claims of their native 
allegiance ! O, who is an American, and does not 
hide his head ? 

But I leave the particulars of the war. I will not 
be the historian of my country's infamy. Nor shall 
I attempt to mitigate your chagrin, by detailing the 
apologies which have been offered to relieve go- 
vernment from the proper odium of its measures. 
It is admitted that we have suffered aggravated 
abuses from the enemy, abuses never to be tamely 
borne ; still there remains the fact, as mortifying as 
it is glaring and unc^uestionable, that the great plea 
which, during many months of ignominious warfare, 
has been urged for the continuance of the struggle, 
is substantially untrue. It is a plea, if I mistake not, 
equally disowned by law and by principle. You 
have often heard its fallacy exposed. It is but re- 
cently that you listened to such an exposition in 
this place, conducted, with an eloquence far above 
my reach, by a person,^ whom years and wisdom 
had conspired to honour, an exalted statesman from 
the school of better days. It only remains for us, 
to use the lights that we have, and keeping our 
eyes steadily fixed upon the perils which threaten 
and the evils which afflict the commonwealth, to 



* HoBOurable Governeur Morris. 



2§ 

consider what may be done to arrest, if possible, the 
progress of its ruin. 

And here, fellow citizens, I feel that I might well 
release your patience. If you believe, as I hope 
you do, that your liberties are insecure, you need 
not be told that you are consequently bound by 
every tie which theii' value can create, to array your 
best faculties in theii' defence. It is not a thino; in 
your option to remain inert. You are members 
of a great community, Avhich has imperious claims 
upon you for assiduous and energetic effort. Look 
no more, 1 beseech you, to the amiable character 
of your institutions, for the influence which is to pre- 
serve them ; trust no more in the vulgar indepen- 
dence which results from your territorial wealth ; 
sleep no more beneath your vine and fig-tree, in the 
conceit that you are too remote from foreign nations 
to have occasion for alarm. These things will never 
save your country ; no, they will not so much as 
save a timber from her approaching wi'eck. Nor 
can she safely depend upon the untaught, sponta- 
neous fidelity of the people at large. Where, then, 
you ask, is her hope 1 In you, in the pupils of 
Washington, in the comparatively small number 
of her people, who have the worth to feel, and the 
conscience to perform, their duty. It is in the active 
energies of the vuluous and enlightened few, that 
republics have ever found the mainspring of theii' 
help in times of trouble. You must act, fellow 
citizens ; and you must act with vigour. But how ? 
In the open, honourable and fearless exertion of aU 
wise means to counterwork the several causes of 
yoiu- danger. Convinced of the natui'e of these 



30 



causes, and aware of the general maxim that in states 
like ours, popular sentiment is not only the com- 
mon engine of evil, but also the only possible me- 
dium of great national reform, you cannot easily mis- 
take the proper course of conduct, nor too ardently 
pursue it. You are required to study and to teach 
the principles of your political system, to ascertain 
and assert the rights of the citizen, to guard the 
limits of constitutional authority in the government, 
freely and fully to discuss public measures and 
characters, to detect intrigue, to expose folly, to 
chastise iniquity. The federal union cherish, as 
you regard yourselves and your posterity ; so that 
^vhen that union shall be rent, (which direful judg- 
ment Heaven avert!) you may be guiltless. On 
the other hand, allow me to say, you cannot well 
be too prompt and determined in resisting any act 
of magisterial aggression. Rulers have indeed the 
right to judge of the proper exercise of their powers. 
But, be it remembered, they must judge at their 
peril ; for the people, too, the sufferers of whatever 
is politically suffered, have equal right to decide 
upon the same subject ; and so far as they use due 
prudence and discretion in making up their opinions, 
it is clear, that when the thing is settled deep in their 
deliberate conviction, that a particular measure is 
unlawful and unjust, they are not only at liberty, 
but they are under the strongest obligation to re- 
sist. Rely upon it, if you turn your backs, usurpa- 
tion will tread upon your heels. Let us face our 
real foes, wherever they appear. It is not an un- 
common doctrine, that the war we are now waging 
is entitled to our support, if on no other account. 



31 



jei because it has the sanction of legislative forms. 
This is fine ! Being in possession of a bad thing, 
we are to make the best of it and keep it ! Having 
taken fire into our bosoms, we are to fold our arms 
over it! Are you prepared for this? We have been 
advised how unpatriotic it looks, in such a crisis as 
the present, to withhold from administration our 
encouragement, our substance, our lives. Look as 
it may, I adjure you, I adjure the American people, 
to put a stop to this enormous war, by withoiding 
every thing they legally can from the desperadoes 
that would prolong it. Nor will it be the first time 
that popular coercion will have brought a mad minis- 
try to their senses. Fas est et ah hoste doceri. England, 
our enemy, has scarcely ever made a peace, but in 
obedience to necessities imposed by her people. 
The present is, indeed, an awful crisis. Never be- 
fore did human affairs, throughout the earth, appear 
in so novel and imposing an attitude as for the last 
two years. It is emphatically an age of strange ness^^^ 
of portent, and of horror. Every thing in motion, 
and every movement terrific ; the bonds of national 
law trampled under foot ; the venerable system of 
the balance of power annihilated ; all the great dis- 
tricts of the christian, I might almost say, of the civi- 
lized world, sympathizing in blood ; and, incited by 
our injuries, the savage of the forest, though in this 
instance latest in the strife, as if appalled by the 
magnificence of its desolations, has at last caught the 
spirit of the savages of Christendom, and set his ap- 
petite for human wo. Surely, in such a time as this, 
honest men should unite against the powers of poli- 
tical darkness. It is a time, not only for prudence. 



32 



but for heroism, too ; for firm, undaunted magnani- 
mity. And I call upon you this day, to honour the 
name of Washington, that first of men, by adopting 
his virtues, and by resolving to maintain the liberties 
won for you by his toil, and transmitted by his 
love. I call upon you this day, to take your stand 
upon the threshold of the federal constitution, and to 
repel, at any cost, the desperate wretch that shall at- 
tempt to violate its sanctity. I call upon you this 
day, and stop your ears if you can, to remember 
your duties to your suffering, dying country. 



THE END. 



Oouldj Banks ^ UoiiM, 



LAW BOOKSELLERS, 



CORNER OF WALIi AND BROAD STREETS, NEW-YORK; AND 



Have just published, and now o3er for sale, a new edition 
of SELLON'S PRACTICE, revised, corrected and enlar- 
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York ; who has, in this work, digested the cases subsequent 
to the last London edition. 

Also, REPORTS OF TWO CASES, argued and de- 
termined on the admiralty side of the District Court of the 
United States, for the district of New-York, before His 
Honour William P. Van Ness, Esq. 



Gould, Banks & Gould, and William Gould & Co. 
have purchased the copy-right of ten volumes of JOHN- 
SON'S REPORTS, and also of three volumes of JOHN- 
SON'S CASES; and have contracted with Mr. Johnson 
for Reports hereafter to be published. They therefore 
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valuable works. They have constantly on hand, such an 
extensive collection of approved works, both on civil and 
criminal law, that, they flatter themselves, they can comply 
with almost any order with which they may be honoured. 

March 14, 1814. 



William 




NO. 114 state-street, ALBANY, 



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